Irrigation

Table 4.2: Irrigation methods

Irrigation Method	Advantages	Disadvantages
Surge	Simple, low setup costs, low energy	Tendency to over-irrigate, non-uniform distribution
Sprinkle	Easier to control	High initial costs
Drip	High water efficiency, high frequency, precise	High initial costs, requires expert management, prone to clogging

The main problem with irrigation is its low efficiency. Table 4.2 summarizes the characteristics of the irrigation methods described in this section; generally, higher efficiency methods cost more and require more expertise. Experiments in the Texas High Plains aquifer region have shown that a move to low pressure sprinklers, low-energy precision application sprinklers, and drip irrigation systems can help farmers raise efficiencies from 60% (the average efficiency for furrow irrigation systems) to 90 or 95%. Farmers in the studies also saw crop yields increase 10-15%. These benefits resulted from reduced evaporation, runoff, and seepage (Postel, 1999, 187).